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location:
central europe. east of germany
geographic coordinates:
52 00 n. 20 00 e
map references:
europe
area:
total: 312.685 sq km land: 304.465 sq km water: 8.220 sq km
area - comparative:
slightly smaller than new mexico
land boundaries:
total: 2.788 km border countries: belarus 407 km. czech republic 658 km. germany 456 km. lithuania 91 km. russia (kaliningrad oblast) 206 km. slovakia 444 km. ukraine 526 km
coastline:
491 km
maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: defined by international treaties
climate:
temperate with cold. cloudy. moderately severe winters with frequent precipitation; mild summers with frequent showers and thundershowers
terrain:
mostly flat plain; mountains along southern border
elevation extremes:
lowest point: near raczki elblaskie -2 m highest point: rysy 2.499 m
natural resources:
coal. sulfur. copper. natural gas. silver. lead. salt. amber. arable land
land use:
arable land: 45.91% permanent crops: 1.12% other: 52.97% (2001)
irrigated land:
1.000 sq km (1998 est.)
natural hazards:
flooding
environment - current issues:
situation has improved since 1989 due to decline in heavy industry and increased environmental concern by post-communist governments; air pollution nonetheless remains serious because of sulfur dioxide emissions from coal-fired power plants. and the resulting acid rain has caused forest damage; water pollution from industrial and municipal sources is also a problem. as is disposal of hazardous wastes; pollution levels should continue to decrease as industrial establishments bring their facilities up to european union code. but at substantial cost to business and the government
environment - international agreements:
party to: air pollution. antarctic-environmental protocol. antarctic-marine living resources. antarctic seals. antarctic treaty. biodiversity. climate change. climate change-kyoto protocol. desertification. endangered species. environmental modification. hazardous wastes. kyoto protocol. law of the sea. marine dumping. ozone layer protection. ship pollution. wetlands signed. but not ratified: air pollution-nitrogen oxides. air pollution-persistent organic pollutants. air pollution-sulfur 94
geography - note:
historically. an area of conflict because of flat terrain and the lack of natural barriers on the north european plain
population:
38.635.144 (july 2005 est.)
age structure:
0-14 years: 16.7% (male 3.319.176/female 3.150.859) 15-64 years: 70.3% (male 13.506.153/female 13.638.265) 65 years and over: 13% (male 1.912.431/female 3.108.260) (2005 est.)
median age:
total: 36.43 years male: 34.52 years female: 38.49 years (2005 est.)
population growth rate:
0.03% (2005 est.)
birth rate:
10.78 births/1.000 population (2005 est.)
death rate:
10.01 deaths/1.000 population (2005 est.)
net migration rate:
-0.49 migrant(s)/1.000 population (2005 est.)
sex ratio:
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.62 male(s)/female total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (2005 est.)
infant mortality rate:
total: 8.51 deaths/1.000 live births male: 9.59 deaths/1.000 live births female: 7.37 deaths/1.000 live births (2005 est.)
life expectancy at birth:
total population: 74.74 years male: 70.71 years female: 79.03 years (2005 est.)
total fertility rate:
1.39 children born/woman (2005 est.)
hiv/aids - adult prevalence rate:
0.1% ; note - no country specific models provided (2001 est.)
hiv/aids - people living with hiv/aids:
14.000 (2003 est.)
hiv/aids - deaths:
100 (2001 est.)
nationality:
noun: pole(s) adjective: polish
ethnic groups:
polish 96.7%. german 0.4%. belarusian 0.1%. ukrainian 0.1%. other and unspecified 2.7% (2002 census)
religions:
roman catholic 89.8% (about 75% practicing). eastern orthodox 1.3%. protestant 0.3%. other 0.3%. unspecified 8.3% (2002)
languages:
polish 97.8%. other and unspecified 2.2% (2002 census)
literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 99.8% male: 99.8% female: 99.7% (2003 est.)
country name:
conventional long form: republic of poland conventional short form: poland local long form: rzeczpospolita polska local short form: polska
government type:
republic
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